Abstract
Opioid analgesics remain the cornerstone for the management of moderate to severe pain, despite the rising concerns about tolerance, dependence, and the opioid epidemic. Recent advances in opioid pharmacology have focused on developing novel compounds with improved safety profiles, minimizing central nervous system side effects, and understanding receptor subtypes. This article reviews recent developments in opioid receptor pharmacodynamics, biased agonism, peripherally acting opioids, and novel delivery systems. It also discusses the therapeutic potential and risks associated with emerging opioid therapies.
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