Abstract
Opioid analgesics have been the cornerstone of pain management for centuries, providing relief for acute and chronic pain. Despite their effectiveness, opioid use has been associated with significant concerns, including addiction, tolerance, and overdose. Recent advances in the pharmacology of opioids have focused on improving their therapeutic efficacy while minimizing their side effects. This article reviews the latest research on opioid pharmacology, including novel opioid receptors, non-addictive opioid alternatives, and advances in opioid delivery systems. We also discuss the challenges of opioid misuse and the role of personalized medicine in optimizing opioid therapy.
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