Abstract
Oral vaccines represent a promising alternative to traditional injectable vaccines, offering benefits in terms of ease of administration, patient compliance, and cost-effectiveness. However, the development of oral vaccines faces significant challenges, including overcoming gastrointestinal barriers, ensuring vaccine stability, and eliciting a strong immune response. This article reviews the progress in oral vaccine development, addressing key challenges such as antigen stability, delivery systems, and the formulation of adjuvants to enhance immune response. Additionally, novel approaches such as nano-based delivery systems and enteric coatings are explored. The article also discusses the potential solutions to these challenges and the future prospects for oral vaccines in public health.
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