Abstract
The immune system's ability to distinguish between self and non-self is essential for maintaining health and preventing diseases such as cancer. However, tumors can exploit immune checkpoints to evade detection, limiting the effectiveness of immune responses. Recent advancements in immunopharmacology have focused on targeting immune checkpoints to enhance anti-tumor immunity. This article reviews the latest developments in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including their mechanisms, clinical applications, challenges, and future directions. It highlights how therapeutic strategies targeting immune checkpoints have revolutionized cancer treatment, offering hope for patients with advanced and treatment-resistant cancers.
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