Abstract
Ocular drug delivery remains one of the most challenging fields in pharmaceutical sciences due to the unique anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye. Conventional methods such as topical drops and ointments suffer from poor bioavailability and patient non-compliance. Recent advances in nanotechnology, biodegradable implants, and in-situ gelling systems offer promising solutions to these limitations. This article reviews the progress in ocular drug delivery systems with an emphasis on novel formulations that enhance drug retention, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. The integration of smart delivery systems and responsive polymers could revolutionize future treatment protocols for chronic and acute eye diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration.
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