Abstract
Nanotechnology offers transformative potential for environmental remediation by introducing advanced materials with enhanced surface area, reactivity, and functionalization capabilities. This paper explores recent innovations in nanomaterials, particularly metal-based nanoparticles, carbon nanostructures, and hybrid composites, used in water purification, air filtration, and soil detoxification. Emphasis is placed on their mechanisms of action, sustainability, and real-world deployment challenges. Case studies demonstrate the efficacy of nanomaterials in removing heavy metals, organic pollutants, and pathogens. The study concludes with insights into future trends, regulatory considerations, and the importance of green synthesis methods.
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