Abstract
Protein structure determination is a cornerstone in understanding biological functions and designing pharmaceutical agents. Biophysical techniques have revolutionized the field by enabling the visualization and analysis of complex protein conformations with high resolution. This article provides a comprehensive overview of prominent biophysical methodologies, including X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and circular dichroism (CD). We examine their principles, advantages, limitations, and complementary roles in structural biology. The article highlights recent advancements, integration approaches, and the future direction of protein structure analysis, underscoring their pivotal role in biomedical research and drug development.
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